{"id":59496,"date":"2020-04-15T23:44:55","date_gmt":"2020-04-15T21:44:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.carolinacampalans.com\/glossary\/variable-proxy\/"},"modified":"2020-04-15T23:44:55","modified_gmt":"2020-04-15T21:44:55","slug":"variable-proxy","status":"publish","type":"glosario","link":"https:\/\/www.carolinacampalans.com\/?glosario=variable-proxy","title":{"rendered":"variable proxy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ttr_start\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p>Variable de f\u00e1cil medici\u00f3n que se utiliza para medir una variable de inter\u00e9s que no puede ser observada de manera directa.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\">\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:36;line-height:1.5;\">Descripci\u00f3n<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Una variable proxy (o variable sustituta) es una medida f\u00e1cilmente observable o medible que se utiliza en un an\u00e1lisis estad\u00edstico o modelo en lugar de una variable de inter\u00e9s que es dif\u00edcil, costosa o imposible de medir directamente. Aunque no es el valor que realmente interesa, debe tener una fuerte correlaci\u00f3n (positiva o negativa) con la variable subyacente que intenta representar. Sirve como un sustituto o indicador indirecto de esa variable inobservable o latente.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><h3 data-path-to-node=\"0\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Investigacion_cuantitativa\"><\/span>Investigaci\u00f3n cuantitativa<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">La principal raz\u00f3n para usar variables proxy es la falta de datos directos. Esto ocurre en varios escenarios:<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"7\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7,0,0\"><b>Inobservabilidad:<\/b> La variable es un concepto abstracto (como la \u00abfelicidad,\u00bb el \u00abcapital humano\u00bb o la \u00abinteligencia\u00bb) que no se puede medir con una sola m\u00e9trica f\u00edsica.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7,1,0\"><b>Coste:<\/b> La recopilaci\u00f3n de datos directos ser\u00eda demasiado costosa o consumir\u00eda mucho tiempo.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"7,2,0\"><b>Disponibilidad:<\/b> Los datos directos no est\u00e1n disponibles en la fuente o el formato necesario para el estudio.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>El uso de una variable proxy siempre introduce un grado de imprecisi\u00f3n en el an\u00e1lisis. La efectividad de un proxy depende del grado de fortaleza y precisi\u00f3n de su correlaci\u00f3n con la variable de inter\u00e9s. Un proxy deficiente puede llevar a conclusiones sesgadas o incorrectas, por lo que su elecci\u00f3n y justificaci\u00f3n son cruciales en la investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Investigacion_cualitativa\"><\/span>Investigaci\u00f3n cualitativa<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8\">En la investigaci\u00f3n cualitativa, la idea de un proxy no se utiliza formalmente para la sustituci\u00f3n de variables en una f\u00f3rmula, sino que se manifiesta en la elecci\u00f3n de casos de estudio o indicadores para representar conceptos m\u00e1s amplios.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\">Aqu\u00ed el prop\u00f3sito del uso de un proxy es seleccionar un caso, un evento o una caracter\u00edstica observable que se presume que es representativa de un fen\u00f3meno o proceso m\u00e1s amplio e intangible. Se utiliza para la operacionalizaci\u00f3n del estudio y la obtenci\u00f3n de datos ricos en contexto. En lugar de buscar una correlaci\u00f3n num\u00e9rica, se busca la representatividad contextual o la saturaci\u00f3n te\u00f3rica.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\">Mientras que en la investigaci\u00f3n cuantitativa la proxy es una variable num\u00e9rica sustituta dentro de un modelo, en la investigaci\u00f3n cualitativa se asemeja m\u00e1s a la selecci\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica de casos o indicadores contextuales que permiten acceder y representar el fen\u00f3meno de inter\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:36;line-height:1.5;\">Ejemplos<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:15px;--awb-content-font-size:20px;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#cccccc;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#000000;--awb-divider-hover-color:#000000;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#af7baf;--awb-content-color:#747474;--awb-icon-box-color:#333333;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#9b00af;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Roboto Condensed&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:regular;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:20px;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Open Sans&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:400;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-59496-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-a23a3e5b7edc1355d fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:#af7baf;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_a23a3e5b7edc1355d\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"a23a3e5b7edc1355d\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-59496-1\" data-target=\"#a23a3e5b7edc1355d\" href=\"#a23a3e5b7edc1355d\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Ejemplos comunes (investigaci\u00f3n cuantitativa)<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"a23a3e5b7edc1355d\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_a23a3e5b7edc1355d\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<table data-path-to-node=\"10\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Variable de inter\u00e9s (dif\u00edcil de medir)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Variable proxy (f\u00e1cil de medir)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Raz\u00f3n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,1,0,0\"><b>Nivel de vida \/ Bienestar econ\u00f3mico<\/b><\/td>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,1,1,0\">PIB per c\u00e1pita.<\/td>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,1,2,0\">El PIB per c\u00e1pita se correlaciona con el nivel promedio de riqueza y servicios disponibles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,2,0,0\"><b>Habilidades \/ Capital humano<\/b><\/td>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,2,1,0\">A\u00f1os de educaci\u00f3n completados.<\/td>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,2,2,0\">Se asume que m\u00e1s educaci\u00f3n se relaciona con mayores habilidades y conocimientos.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,3,0,0\"><b>Inteligencia o capacidad cognitiva<\/b><\/td>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,3,1,0\">Promedio de calificaciones o puntuaciones de pruebas estandarizadas.<\/td>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,3,2,0\">Estas m\u00e9tricas se utilizan como indicadores del rendimiento intelectual.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,4,0,0\"><b>Niveles de obesidad<\/b><\/td>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,4,1,0\">\u00cdndice de Masa Corporal (IMC).<\/td>\n<td data-path-to-node=\"10,4,2,0\">El IMC es una medici\u00f3n r\u00e1pida que se correlaciona con el porcentaje de grasa corporal real.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-6367e15259c6a96cf fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:#af7baf;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_6367e15259c6a96cf\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"6367e15259c6a96cf\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-59496-1\" data-target=\"#6367e15259c6a96cf\" href=\"#6367e15259c6a96cf\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Estudios de casos (investigaci\u00f3n cualitativa)<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"6367e15259c6a96cf\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_6367e15259c6a96cf\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<h4 data-path-to-node=\"9,2,1,0,0\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Estudio_de_un_caso_particular\"><\/span>Estudio de un caso particular<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,2,1,0,0\">Si se quiere entender la variable<em> eficacia de la reforma educativa nacional<\/em> (un concepto inobservable y vasto), la investigaci\u00f3n cualitativa podr\u00eda estudiar a fondo \u00abuna escuela rural espec\u00edfica\u00bb\u00a0que se considera ejemplar o paradigm\u00e1tica. La <i>escuela espec\u00edfica<\/i> act\u00faa como un proxy o una ventana para comprender el fen\u00f3meno mayor.<\/p>\n<h4 data-path-to-node=\"9,2,1,1,0\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indicadores_de_un_tema\"><\/span>Indicadores de un tema<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,2,1,1,0\">Para estudiar la variable <em>clima laboral deficiente<\/em> (intangible), el equipo investigador puede centrarse en observar y analizar como indicadores o <i>proxies<\/i> de ese clima los <em>\u00edndices de rotaci\u00f3n de personal<\/em> y las <em>quejas formales, <\/em>los cuales son datos cualitativos obtenidos de entrevistas o documentos.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-0105d4972de43b84b fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:#af7baf;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_0105d4972de43b84b\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"0105d4972de43b84b\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-59496-1\" data-target=\"#0105d4972de43b84b\" href=\"#0105d4972de43b84b\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Modelo de crecimiento econ\u00f3mico y capital humano<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"0105d4972de43b84b\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_0105d4972de43b84b\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Imaginemos la siguiente situaci\u00f3n: estamos intentando desarrollar un modelo para determinar qu\u00e9 factores impulsan el <b>crecimiento del PIB <\/b>en diferentes pa\u00edses.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Variable_de_interes_inobservable\"><\/span>Variable de inter\u00e9s (inobservable)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Uno de los factores te\u00f3ricos m\u00e1s importantes que influyen en el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico a largo plazo es el <strong>capital humano<\/strong>; esto es, el <i>stock<\/i> de conocimientos, habilidades, competencias y atributos incorporados en los individuos que facilitan la creaci\u00f3n de bienestar econ\u00f3mico.<\/p>\n<h4 data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Problema_de_medicion\"><\/span>Problema de medici\u00f3n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\">No existe una m\u00e9trica \u00fanica y f\u00e1cil para cuantificar directamente el conocimiento o las habilidades totales de la poblaci\u00f3n de un pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Eleccion_de_la_variable_proxy\"><\/span>Elecci\u00f3n de la variable proxy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"8\">Dado que no podemos medir el capital humano directamente, buscamos un indicador que est\u00e9 fuertemente correlacionado con \u00e9l. La proxy m\u00e1s com\u00fan utilizada en este tipo de estudios es el <strong>n<\/strong><b>ivel promedio de escolaridad<\/b> de la poblaci\u00f3n adulta.<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"9\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\"><strong>Variable proxy<\/strong>: Promedio de a\u00f1os de educaci\u00f3n formal completados por los adultos de 25 a\u00f1os o m\u00e1s.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"10\">Se asume que, en promedio, una poblaci\u00f3n con m\u00e1s a\u00f1os de escolaridad tiene un mayor nivel de conocimientos y, por lo tanto, un mayor capital humano.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"El_modelo_economico\"><\/span>El modelo econ\u00f3mico<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"12\">En lugar de incluir la variable inobservable <em>capital humano<\/em> (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"H\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">H<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) en la ecuaci\u00f3n, se sustituye con la variable proxy <em>a\u00f1os de educaci\u00f3n<\/em> (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"Edu\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"math-block\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-math=\"text{Crecimiento del PIB} = beta_0 + beta_1(text{Inversi\u00f3n}) + beta_2(Edu) + epsilon\"><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Crecimiento\u00a0del\u00a0PIB<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Inversi\u00f3<\/span><span class=\"mord\">n<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03f5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"14\">Donde:<\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"15\">\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"15,0,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"text{Crecimiento del PIB}\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Crecimiento\u00a0del\u00a0PIB<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> es la variable dependiente.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"15,1,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"text{Inversi\u00f3n}\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Inversi\u00f3<\/span><span class=\"mord\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> es otra variable de control.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"15,2,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"Edu\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (la proxy) representa el efecto del capital humano en el crecimiento.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"15,3,0\"><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"beta_2\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> es el coeficiente que mide cu\u00e1nto contribuyen los a\u00f1os de educaci\u00f3n al crecimiento econ\u00f3mico.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interpretacion\"><\/span>Interpretaci\u00f3n<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"17\">Si el modelo arroja que el coeficiente <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"beta_2\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">\u03b2<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> es positivo y estad\u00edsticamente significativo, el an\u00e1lisis econ\u00f3mico concluye que hay una relaci\u00f3n positiva entre el capital humano (medido a trav\u00e9s de la proxy de educaci\u00f3n) y el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico.<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"18\">El uso de la proxy <em><span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"Edu\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">d<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">u<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/em>permite a los investigadores cuantificar un concepto abstracto (<span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"H\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">H<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>) y obtener resultados que pueden ser utilizados para la formulaci\u00f3n de pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas (por ejemplo, justificar la inversi\u00f3n en educaci\u00f3n).<\/p>\n<p data-path-to-node=\"20\">En resumen, la variable a\u00f1os de educaci\u00f3n act\u00faa como un sustituto medible del concepto abstracto de capital humano para que el modelo pueda ejecutarse y generar conclusiones significativas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:60px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-dotted\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#000000;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"ttr_end\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Variable de f\u00e1cil medici\u00f3n que se utiliza para medir una variable de inter\u00e9s que no puede ser observada de manera directa.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"template":"","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[]},"glosario_categoria":[7025],"glosario_tag":[7019,7099,7029,7100,7031],"class_list":["post-59496","glosario","type-glosario","status-publish","hentry","glosario_categoria-investigacion-analisis","glosario_tag-analisis-visualizacion-datos","glosario_tag-estadistica","glosario_tag-metodologia-de-investigacion","glosario_tag-metodos-cuantitativos","glosario_tag-metodos-mixtos"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.carolinacampalans.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/glosario\/59496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.carolinacampalans.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/glosario"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.carolinacampalans.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/glosario"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.carolinacampalans.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=59496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"glosario_categoria","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.carolinacampalans.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fglosario_categoria&post=59496"},{"taxonomy":"glosario_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.carolinacampalans.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fglosario_tag&post=59496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}